What is valproic acid? Valproic acid is used to treat various types of seizure disorders. Valproic acid is sometimes used together with other seizure medications. Valproic acid is also used to treat manic episodes related to bipolar disorder (manic depression), and to prevent migraine headaches. Valproic acid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings Valproic acid can cause liver failure that may be fatal, especially in children under age 2 and in people with liver problems caused by certain genetic disorders. You should not use valproic acid if you have liver disease, a urea cycle disorder, or a genetic disorder such as Alpers' disease or Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome. Do not start or stop taking valproic acid during pregnancy without your doctor's advice. This medicine may harm an unborn baby or cause birth defects, but having a seizure during pregnancy could harm both mother and baby. Do not use valproic acid to prevent migraine headaches if you are pregnant. Call your doctor at once if the person taking this medicine has signs of liver or pancreas problems, such as: loss of appetite, upper stomach pain (that may spread to your back), ongoing nausea or vomiting, dark urine, swelling in the face, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Do not stop using valproic acid without your doctor's advice. Stopping suddenly may cause a serious, life-threatening type of seizure. Before taking this medicine You should not use valproic acid if you are allergic to it, or if you have: liver disease; a urea cycle disorder; or a genetic mitochondrial (MYE-toe-KON-dree-al) disorder such as Alpers' disease or Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome, especially in a child younger than 2 years old. Valproic acid can cause liver failure that may be fatal, especially in children under age 2 and in people with liver problems caused by a genetic mitochondrial disorder. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: liver problems caused by a genetic mitochondrial disorder; depression, mental illness, or suicidal thoughts or actions; a family history of a urea cycle disorder or infant deaths with unknown cause; or HIV or CMV (cytomegalovirus) infection. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking valproic acid. Your doctor should check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Using valproic acid during pregnancy may increase the risk of serious birth defects that can develop early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant. Using this medicine during pregnancy can also affect cognitive ability (reasoning, intelligence, problem-solving) later in your child's life. However, having a seizure during pregnancy could harm both the mother and the baby. If you take valproic acid for seizures or manic episodes: The benefit of preventing these conditions may outweigh any risks posed by this medicine. There may be other medications that are safer to use during pregnancy. Do not start or stop taking valproic acid without your doctor's advice. Do not use valproic acid to prevent migraine headaches if you are pregnant or you could become pregnant. If you are not pregnant, use effective birth control to prevent pregnancy while using valproic acid. Tell your doctor if you start or stop using hormonal contraception that contains estrogen (birth control pills, injections, implants, skin patches, and vaginal rings). Estrogen can interact with valproic acid and make it less effective in preventing seizures. It may not be safe to breastfeed while using this medicine. Ask your doctor about any risk. How should I take valproic acid? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Valproic acid oral is taken by mouth. Valproic acid injection is given as an infusion into a vein. A healthcare provider will give you this injection if you are unable to take the medicine by mouth. Drink plenty of water while you are taking this medication. Your dose may need to be changed if you do not get enough fluids each day. Take with food if valproic acid upsets your stomach. Measure liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. Swallow the capsule whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. Tell your doctor if you notice a capsule shell in your stool that was not absorbed or melted in the body. Your blood levels of valproic acid may need to be checked. You may need frequent blood tests. If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using valproic acid. In case of emergency, wear or carry medical identification to let others know you use valproic acid. Do not stop using valproic acid suddenly, even if you feel fine. Stopping suddenly may cause a serious, life-threatening type of seizure. Follow your doctor's instructions about tapering your dose. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while taking valproic acid? Drinking alcohol may increase certain side effects of valproic acid. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how valproic acid will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Valproic acid side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling). Seek medical treatment if you have a serious drug reaction that can affect many parts of your body. Symptoms may include: skin rash, fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, severe weakness, unusual bruising, or yellowing of your skin or eyes. Call your doctor at once if the person taking this medicine has signs of liver or pancreas problems, such as: loss of appetite, upper stomach pain (that may spread to your back), ongoing nausea or vomiting, dark urine, swelling in the face, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavior changes, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these other side effects: confusion, tiredness, cold feeling, vomiting, change in your mental state; easy bruising, unusual bleeding (nose, mouth, or gums), purple or red pinpoint spots under your skin; severe drowsiness; or worsening seizures. Severe drowsiness may be more likely in older adults. Common side effects may include: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea; dizziness, drowsiness, weakness; headache; tremors, problems with walking or coordination; blurred vision, double vision; hair loss; or changes in appetite, weight gain. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect valproic acid? Sometimes it is not safe to use certain medications at the same time. Some drugs can affect your blood levels of other drugs you take, which may increase side effects or make the medications less effective. Many drugs can affect valproic acid. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.

What is valsartan? Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (sometimes called an ARB). Valsartan is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children who are at least 1 year old. Lowering blood pressure may lower your risk of a stroke or heart attack. Valsartan is also used in adults to treat heart failure and lower your risk of needing to be hospitalized, and to lower your risk of death after a heart attack. Valsartan may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings Do not use if you are pregnant. Stop using valsartan and tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant. If you have diabetes, do not take valsartan with any medication that contains aliskiren (a blood pressure medicine). Before taking this medicine You should not use valsartan if you are allergic to it. If you have diabetes, do not take valsartan with any medication that contains aliskiren (a blood pressure medicine). You may also need to avoid taking valsartan with aliskiren if you have kidney disease. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: a heart condition other than one being treated with valsartan; kidney disease (or if you are on dialysis); or if you are on a low-salt diet. Do not use if you are pregnant. Stop using the medicine and tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant. Valsartan can cause injury or death to the unborn baby if you take the medicine during your second or third trimester. If you plan to get pregnant, ask your doctor for a safer medicine to use before and during pregnancy. Having high blood pressure during pregnancy may cause complications in the mother and the baby. You should not breastfeed while using valsartan. Valsartan is not approved for use by anyone younger than 1 year old. How should I take valsartan? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Take valsartan at the same time(s) each day, with or without food. For a child who cannot swallow a tablet whole, a pharmacist can mix the medicine into a liquid. If your child switches from valsartan tablets to liquid, the dose will not be the same. Shake the liquid for 10 seconds before you measure a dose. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). Valsartan doses are based on weight in children and/or teenagers. Your child's dose needs may change if the child gains or loses weight. Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. Your kidney function may also need to be checked. Call your doctor if you are sick with vomiting or diarrhea, or if you are sweating more than usual. You can easily become dehydrated while taking valsartan. It may take 2 to 4 weeks before your blood pressure is under control. Keep using this medicine as directed, even if you feel well. High blood pressure often has no symptoms. You may need to use blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. Treatment may also include diet, exercise, lowering cholesterol, not smoking, and controlling diabetes. Store the tablets or liquid at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Throw away any unused liquid after 30 days. The liquid may be stored for up to 75 days if kept in a refrigerator. Keep valsartan liquid in the original glass bottle, tightly closed when not in use. What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include fast heartbeats or fainting. What should I avoid while taking valsartan? Do not use potassium supplements or salt substitutes unless your doctor has told you to. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Valsartan side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have: a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out; little or no urination; or high potassium level--nausea, weakness, tingly feeling, chest pain, irregular heartbeats, loss of movement. Common side effects may include: high potassium; headache, dizziness, feeling light-headed; flu symptoms, tiredness; cough; stomach pain, diarrhea; back pain, joint pain; or abnormal kidney test. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Valsartan dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Congestive Heart Failure: Initial dose: 40 mg orally twice a day Maintenance dose: 80 to 160 mg twice a day. The dose should be increased to the highest dose tolerated by the patient. Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension: Initial dose: 80 to 160 mg orally once a day. Maintenance dose: 80 to 320 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Myocardial Infarction: Initial dose: 20 mg orally twice a day Maintenance dose: The initial dosage may be titrated upward within 7 days to 40 mg twice daily, with subsequent titrations to a target maintenance dose of 160 mg twice a day as tolerated by the patient. If symptomatic hypotension or renal dysfunction occurs, consideration should be given to a dosage reduction. Comment: Valsartan may be initiated as early as 12 hours after a myocardial infarction, and may be given with other standard postmyocardial infarction treatment, including thrombolytics, aspirin, beta blockers, and statins. Usual Pediatric Dose for Hypertension: 6 to 16 years: Initial dose: 1.3 mg/kg once a day (up to 40 mg) Maintenance dose: up to 2.7 mg/kg (up to 160 mg) once a day titrated according to patient response Comments: -If the calculated dosage does not correspond to the available tablet strengths, or if children are unable to swallow tablets, the use of a suspension (which can be prepared from the tablets) is recommended. The valsartan dose may need to be increased if the suspension is replaced by a tablet. -No data are available in pediatric patients either undergoing dialysis or with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min.   What other drugs will affect valsartan? Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially: lithium; a diuretic (water pill) or other medicines that lower blood pressure; or NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)--aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), celecoxib, diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, and others; This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect valsartan, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.

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What is venlafaxine? Venlafaxine is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs). Venlafaxine affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression. Venlafaxine is a prescription medicine used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety, and panic disorder. Warnings You should not take venlafaxine if you have uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma. Do not use venlafaxine within 7 days before or 14 days after you have used an MAO inhibitor, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Stay alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavioral changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Do not stop using venlafaxine without first talking to your doctor. Do not give this medicine to anyone younger than 18 years old without the advice of a doctor. Venlafaxine is not FDA approved for use in children. Before taking this medicine You should not take this medicine if you are allergic to venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), or if you have uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma. Do not use venlafaxine within 7 days before or 14 days after you have used an MAO inhibitor, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. Tell your doctor if you also take stimulant medicine, opioid medicine, herbal products, or medicine for depression, mental illness, Parkinson's disease, migraine headaches, serious infections, or prevention of nausea and vomiting. An interaction with venlafaxine could cause a serious condition called serotonin syndrome. To make sure venlafaxine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: bipolar disorder (manic depression); liver disease; kidney disease; heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol; diabetes; glaucoma; a thyroid disorder; a seizure; bleeding problems; or low blood levels of sodium. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Your doctor should check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Venlafaxine is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. Taking this medicine during pregnancy could harm the baby, but stopping the medicine may not be safe for you. Do not start or stop venlafaxine without asking your doctor. Do not breastfeed. How should I take venlafaxine? Take venlafaxine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Take with food at the same time each day. Swallow the extended-release capsule or tablet whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. If you cannot swallow a capsule whole, open it and mix the medicine with applesauce. Swallow the mixture right away without chewing. Do not stop using venlafaxine suddenly, or you could have unpleasant symptoms (such as agitation, confusion, tingling or electric shock feelings). Ask your doctor how to safely stop using this medicine. Your symptoms may not improve for several weeks. Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. This medicine may cause false results on a drug-screening urine test. Tell the laboratory staff that you use venlafaxine. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Depression: Immediate release: -Initial dose: 37.5 mg orally twice a day OR 25 mg orally 3 times a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 150 mg orally per day, given in divided doses -Maximum dose: ---Moderately depressed outpatients: 225 mg/day ---Severely depressed inpatients: 375 mg/day Extended release: -Initial dose: 75 mg orally once a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: ---Moderately depressed outpatients: 225 mg/day ---Severely depressed inpatients: 375 mg/day Comments: -The daily dosage of immediate-release formulations may be divided into 2 or 3 doses/day. -Healthcare providers should consider initial extended release doses of 37.5 mg orally once a day for 4 to 7 days (before increasing the dose to 75 mg/day) in patients who may require additional time to adjust to the drug. -Doses may be increased in daily increments of up to 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 4 days. -Patients should be periodically reassessed for the continued need of maintenance treatment and for the appropriate dose of treatment. -Use of doses exceeding 225 mg/day is limited. Use: Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) Usual Adult Dose for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Extended release: -Initial dose: 75 mg orally once a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: 225 mg/day Comments: -Healthcare providers should consider initial extended release doses of 37.5 mg orally once a day for 4 to 7 days (before increasing the dose to 75 mg/day) in patients who may require additional time to adjust to the drug. -Doses may be increased in daily increments of up to 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 4 days. Use: Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Usual Adult Dose for Social Anxiety Disorder: Extended release: 75 mg orally once a day Comment: There is no evidence that doses greater than 75 mg/day confer additional benefit. Uses: -Treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) -Treatment of social phobia Usual Adult Dose for Panic Disorder: Extended release: -Initial dose: 37.5 mg orally once a day for 7 days, then 75 mg orally once a day thereafter -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: 225 mg/day Comment: Doses may be increased in daily increments of 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 7 days. Use: Treatment of Panic Disorder (PD), with or without agoraphobia   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while taking venlafaxine? Do not drink alcohol. Ask your doctor before taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, Advil, Aleve, Motrin, and others. Using an NSAID with venlafaxine may cause you to bruise or bleed easily. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how venlafaxine will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Venlafaxine side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to venlafaxine: skin rash or hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have: blurred vision, eye pain or redness, seeing halos around lights; cough, chest tightness, trouble breathing; a seizure (convulsions); unusual bleeding - nosebleeds, bleeding gums, abnormal vaginal bleeding, any bleeding that will not stop; low blood sodium - headache, confusion, problems with thinking or memory, weakness, feeling unsteady; or severe nervous system reaction - very stiff (rigid) muscles, high fever, sweating, confusion, fast or uneven heartbeats, tremors, feeling like you might pass out. Seek medical attention right away if you have symptoms of serotonin syndrome, such as: agitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, shivering, fast heart rate, muscle stiffness, twitching, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Common venlafaxine side effects may include: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, tiredness; feeling anxious, nervous, or jittery; sleep problems, unusual dreams; tremors; fast heartbeats; blurred vision; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation; changes in weight or appetite; dry mouth, yawning; increased sweating; or sexual problems. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect venlafaxine? Using venlafaxine with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines. Many drugs can interact with venlafaxine, especially: any other antidepressant; cimetidine; tramadol; St. John's wort, tryptophan (sometimes called L-tryptophan); diet pills, weight loss medicine (such as phentermine); a blood thinner - warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven; medicine to treat mood disorders, thought disorders, or mental illness - buspirone, lithium, and many others; or migraine headache medicine - sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and others. This list is not complete and many other drugs may interact with venlafaxine. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.

What is venlafaxine? Venlafaxine is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs). Venlafaxine affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression. Venlafaxine is a prescription medicine used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety, and panic disorder. Warnings You should not take venlafaxine if you have uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma. Do not use venlafaxine within 7 days before or 14 days after you have used an MAO inhibitor, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Stay alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavioral changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Do not stop using venlafaxine without first talking to your doctor. Do not give this medicine to anyone younger than 18 years old without the advice of a doctor. Venlafaxine is not FDA approved for use in children. Before taking this medicine You should not take this medicine if you are allergic to venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), or if you have uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma. Do not use venlafaxine within 7 days before or 14 days after you have used an MAO inhibitor, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. Tell your doctor if you also take stimulant medicine, opioid medicine, herbal products, or medicine for depression, mental illness, Parkinson's disease, migraine headaches, serious infections, or prevention of nausea and vomiting. An interaction with venlafaxine could cause a serious condition called serotonin syndrome. To make sure venlafaxine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: bipolar disorder (manic depression); liver disease; kidney disease; heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol; diabetes; glaucoma; a thyroid disorder; a seizure; bleeding problems; or low blood levels of sodium. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Your doctor should check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Venlafaxine is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. Taking this medicine during pregnancy could harm the baby, but stopping the medicine may not be safe for you. Do not start or stop venlafaxine without asking your doctor. Do not breastfeed. How should I take venlafaxine? Take venlafaxine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Take with food at the same time each day. Swallow the extended-release capsule or tablet whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. If you cannot swallow a capsule whole, open it and mix the medicine with applesauce. Swallow the mixture right away without chewing. Do not stop using venlafaxine suddenly, or you could have unpleasant symptoms (such as agitation, confusion, tingling or electric shock feelings). Ask your doctor how to safely stop using this medicine. Your symptoms may not improve for several weeks. Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. This medicine may cause false results on a drug-screening urine test. Tell the laboratory staff that you use venlafaxine. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Depression: Immediate release: -Initial dose: 37.5 mg orally twice a day OR 25 mg orally 3 times a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 150 mg orally per day, given in divided doses -Maximum dose: ---Moderately depressed outpatients: 225 mg/day ---Severely depressed inpatients: 375 mg/day Extended release: -Initial dose: 75 mg orally once a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: ---Moderately depressed outpatients: 225 mg/day ---Severely depressed inpatients: 375 mg/day Comments: -The daily dosage of immediate-release formulations may be divided into 2 or 3 doses/day. -Healthcare providers should consider initial extended release doses of 37.5 mg orally once a day for 4 to 7 days (before increasing the dose to 75 mg/day) in patients who may require additional time to adjust to the drug. -Doses may be increased in daily increments of up to 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 4 days. -Patients should be periodically reassessed for the continued need of maintenance treatment and for the appropriate dose of treatment. -Use of doses exceeding 225 mg/day is limited. Use: Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) Usual Adult Dose for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Extended release: -Initial dose: 75 mg orally once a day -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: 225 mg/day Comments: -Healthcare providers should consider initial extended release doses of 37.5 mg orally once a day for 4 to 7 days (before increasing the dose to 75 mg/day) in patients who may require additional time to adjust to the drug. -Doses may be increased in daily increments of up to 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 4 days. Use: Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Usual Adult Dose for Social Anxiety Disorder: Extended release: 75 mg orally once a day Comment: There is no evidence that doses greater than 75 mg/day confer additional benefit. Uses: -Treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) -Treatment of social phobia Usual Adult Dose for Panic Disorder: Extended release: -Initial dose: 37.5 mg orally once a day for 7 days, then 75 mg orally once a day thereafter -Maintenance dose: 75 to 225 mg orally once a day -Maximum dose: 225 mg/day Comment: Doses may be increased in daily increments of 75 mg orally at intervals of no less than 7 days. Use: Treatment of Panic Disorder (PD), with or without agoraphobia   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while taking venlafaxine? Do not drink alcohol. Ask your doctor before taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, Advil, Aleve, Motrin, and others. Using an NSAID with venlafaxine may cause you to bruise or bleed easily. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how venlafaxine will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Venlafaxine side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to venlafaxine: skin rash or hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have: blurred vision, eye pain or redness, seeing halos around lights; cough, chest tightness, trouble breathing; a seizure (convulsions); unusual bleeding - nosebleeds, bleeding gums, abnormal vaginal bleeding, any bleeding that will not stop; low blood sodium - headache, confusion, problems with thinking or memory, weakness, feeling unsteady; or severe nervous system reaction - very stiff (rigid) muscles, high fever, sweating, confusion, fast or uneven heartbeats, tremors, feeling like you might pass out. Seek medical attention right away if you have symptoms of serotonin syndrome, such as: agitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, shivering, fast heart rate, muscle stiffness, twitching, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Common venlafaxine side effects may include: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, tiredness; feeling anxious, nervous, or jittery; sleep problems, unusual dreams; tremors; fast heartbeats; blurred vision; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation; changes in weight or appetite; dry mouth, yawning; increased sweating; or sexual problems. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect venlafaxine? Using venlafaxine with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines. Many drugs can interact with venlafaxine, especially: any other antidepressant; cimetidine; tramadol; St. John's wort, tryptophan (sometimes called L-tryptophan); diet pills, weight loss medicine (such as phentermine); a blood thinner - warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven; medicine to treat mood disorders, thought disorders, or mental illness - buspirone, lithium, and many others; or migraine headache medicine - sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and others. This list is not complete and many other drugs may interact with venlafaxine. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.  

What is verapamil? Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It works by relaxing the muscles of your heart and blood vessels. Verapamil is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. Verapamil injection is used to rapidly or temporarily restore normal heartbeats in people with certain heart rhythm disorders. Warnings You should not use verapamil if you have a serious heart condition such as "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker), severe heart failure, Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, or slow heartbeats that have caused you to faint. Before taking this medicine You should not use verapamil if you are allergic to it, or if you have a serious heart condition such as: "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker); very low blood pressure; or if your heart cannot pump blood properly. You may not be able to use verapamil if you have: severe congestive heart failure; certain heart rhythm disorders (such as "Afib," Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome); a heart condition that causes you to have very rapid heartbeats; or if you are receiving an intravenous beta-blocker (such as atenolol, metoprolol, or propranolol). To make sure verapamil is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: congestive heart failure; kidney disease; liver disease; or a nerve-muscle disorder such as myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy. It is not known whether verapamil will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. You should not breastfeed while using this medicine. Verapamil oral is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. How should I use verapamil? Verapamil injection is given as an infusion into a vein, usually in an emergency situation. A healthcare provider will give you this injection. Your heart rate will be constantly monitored to help determine when your heartbeats have returned to normal. Oral verapamil is taken by mouth. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Do not use this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Do not use the injection if it looks cloudy or has particles in it. Call your pharmacist for new medicine. Swallow a capsule or tablet whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. Your liver function may also need to be checked. If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you take verapamil. If you have high blood pressure, keep using this medicine even if you feel well. High blood pressure often has no symptoms. You may need to use blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.   What happens if I miss a dose? Verapamil injection: Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose. Verapamil oral: Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of verapamil can be fatal. What to avoid Drinking alcohol with verapamil can cause side effects. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how this medicine will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Grapefruit may interact with verapamil and lead to unwanted side effects. Avoid the use of grapefruit products. Verapamil side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have: chest pain, fast or slow heart rate; a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out; shortness of breath (even with mild exertion), swelling, rapid weight gain; fever, upper stomach pain, not feeling well; or lung problems--anxiety, sweating, pale skin, wheezing, gasping for breath, cough with foamy mucus. Common side effects may include: nausea, constipation; headache, dizziness; or low blood pressure. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect verapamil? Many drugs can interact with verapamil. Some drugs can raise or lower your blood levels of verapamil, which may cause side effects or make it less effective. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any you start or stop using, especially: aspirin, imatinib, lithium, nefazodone, St. John's wort; all other heart or blood pressure medicines, especially clonidine, digoxin, flecainide, ivabradine, nicardipine, or quinidine; an antibiotic - clarithromycin, telithromycin; antifungal medicine - itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole; antiviral medicine to treat hepatitis or HIV/AIDS - atazanavir, boceprevir, cobicistat, delavirdine, efavirenz, fosamprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir; a beta blocker - atenolol, carvedilol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, propranolol, sotalol, and others; cholesterol lowering medicine - atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin; drugs to treat high blood pressure or a prostate disorder - alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin; seizure medicine - carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin; or tuberculosis medicine - isoniazid, rifampin. This list is not complete and many other drugs can interact with verapamil. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Give a list of all your medicines to any healthcare provider who treats you.

What is verapamil? Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It works by relaxing the muscles of your heart and blood vessels. Verapamil is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. Verapamil injection is used to rapidly or temporarily restore normal heartbeats in people with certain heart rhythm disorders. Warnings You should not use verapamil if you have a serious heart condition such as "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker), severe heart failure, Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, or slow heartbeats that have caused you to faint. Before taking this medicine You should not use verapamil if you are allergic to it, or if you have a serious heart condition such as: "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker); very low blood pressure; or if your heart cannot pump blood properly. You may not be able to use verapamil if you have: severe congestive heart failure; certain heart rhythm disorders (such as "Afib," Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome); a heart condition that causes you to have very rapid heartbeats; or if you are receiving an intravenous beta-blocker (such as atenolol, metoprolol, or propranolol). To make sure verapamil is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: congestive heart failure; kidney disease; liver disease; or a nerve-muscle disorder such as myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy. It is not known whether verapamil will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. You should not breastfeed while using this medicine. Verapamil oral is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. How should I use verapamil? Verapamil injection is given as an infusion into a vein, usually in an emergency situation. A healthcare provider will give you this injection. Your heart rate will be constantly monitored to help determine when your heartbeats have returned to normal. Oral verapamil is taken by mouth. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Do not use this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Do not use the injection if it looks cloudy or has particles in it. Call your pharmacist for new medicine. Swallow a capsule or tablet whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. Your liver function may also need to be checked. If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you take verapamil. If you have high blood pressure, keep using this medicine even if you feel well. High blood pressure often has no symptoms. You may need to use blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.   What happens if I miss a dose? Verapamil injection: Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose. Verapamil oral: Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of verapamil can be fatal. What to avoid Drinking alcohol with verapamil can cause side effects. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how this medicine will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Grapefruit may interact with verapamil and lead to unwanted side effects. Avoid the use of grapefruit products. Verapamil side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have: chest pain, fast or slow heart rate; a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out; shortness of breath (even with mild exertion), swelling, rapid weight gain; fever, upper stomach pain, not feeling well; or lung problems--anxiety, sweating, pale skin, wheezing, gasping for breath, cough with foamy mucus. Common side effects may include: nausea, constipation; headache, dizziness; or low blood pressure. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect verapamil? Many drugs can interact with verapamil. Some drugs can raise or lower your blood levels of verapamil, which may cause side effects or make it less effective. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any you start or stop using, especially: aspirin, imatinib, lithium, nefazodone, St. John's wort; all other heart or blood pressure medicines, especially clonidine, digoxin, flecainide, ivabradine, nicardipine, or quinidine; an antibiotic - clarithromycin, telithromycin; antifungal medicine - itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole; antiviral medicine to treat hepatitis or HIV/AIDS - atazanavir, boceprevir, cobicistat, delavirdine, efavirenz, fosamprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir; a beta blocker - atenolol, carvedilol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, propranolol, sotalol, and others; cholesterol lowering medicine - atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin; drugs to treat high blood pressure or a prostate disorder - alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin; seizure medicine - carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin; or tuberculosis medicine - isoniazid, rifampin. This list is not complete and many other drugs can interact with verapamil. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Give a list of all your medicines to any healthcare provider who treats you.  

Uses Vitamin B6 tablet is used to prevent or treat low levels of vitamin B6 in people who do not get enough of the vitamin from their diets. Most people who eat a normal diet do not need extra vitamin B6. However, some conditions (such as alcoholism, liver disease, overactive thyroid, heart failure) or medications (such as isoniazid, cycloserine, hydralazine, penicillamine) can cause low levels of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 plays an important role in the body. It is needed to maintain the health of nerves, skin, and red blood cells. Vitamin B6 Tablet has been used to prevent or treat a certain nerve disorder (peripheral neuropathy) caused by certain medications (such as isoniazid). It has also been used to treat certain hereditary disorders (such as xanthurenic aciduria, hyperoxaluria, homocystinuria). How to use Vitamin B6 Tablet Take this vitamin by mouth with or without food, usually once daily. Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. If you are taking the extended-release capsules, swallow them whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing. If you are using the liquid form of this product, carefully measure the dose using a special measuring device/spoon. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. If your liquid form is a suspension, shake the container well before each use. If you are taking the powder, mix it thoroughly in the proper amount of liquid and stir well. Drink all of the liquid right away. Do not prepare a supply for future use. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Use this vitamin regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day. Tell your doctor if your condition lasts or gets worse. If you think you may have a serious medical problem, seek immediate medical attention. Side Effects Vitamin B6 tablet usually has no side effects when used in recommended doses. If your doctor has prescribed this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. Vitamin B6 tablet can cause side effects when taken in large doses for a long time. Tell your doctor right away if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: headache, nausea, drowsiness, numbness/tingling of arms/legs. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing. This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.  

What is Vitamin D2 Tablet? Vitamin D2 Tablet is vitamin D2. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Vitamin D2 Tablet is used to treat hypoparathyroidism (decreased functioning of the parathyroid glands). Vitamin D2 Tablet is also used to treat rickets (softening of the bones caused by vitamin D deficiency) or low levels of phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia). Vitamin D2 Tablet may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings You should not take Vitamin D2 Tablet if you have had an allergic reaction to vitamin D, or if you have high levels of calcium or vitamin D in your body, or any condition that makes it hard for your body to absorb nutrients from food (malabsorption). Use only the recommended dose of Vitamin D2 Tablet. An overdose could cause serious or life-threatening side effects. Before taking this medicine You should not take Vitamin D2 Tablet if you have had an allergic reaction to vitamin D, or if you have: high levels of vitamin D in your body (hypervitaminosis D); high levels of calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia); or any condition that makes it hard for your body to absorb nutrients from food (malabsorption). Tell your doctor if you have ever had: heart disease; kidney disease; or an electrolyte imbalance. Certain forms of Vitamin D2 Tablet may contain ingredients you should know about, such as peanut or soybean oil, sugar, aspartame (phenylalanine), or certain food dyes. Ask a doctor before using Vitamin D2 Tablet if you have allergies, diabetes, or phenylketonuria (PKU). Too much vitamin D could harm an unborn baby, and your dose needs may be different during pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or if you become pregnant while taking Vitamin D2 Tablet. Vitamin D2 Tablet can pass into breast milk and may cause side effects in the nursing baby. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. Do not give Vitamin D2 Tablet to a child without medical advice. Your child's dose will depend on age, weight, diet, and other factors. How should I take Vitamin D2 Tablet? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Use only the recommended dose of Vitamin D2 Tablet. It may be best to take Vitamin D2 Tablet after a meal, but you may take Vitamin D2 with or without food. Measure liquid medicine carefully. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). You will need frequent medical tests. Your doctor may begin to reduce your Vitamin D2 Tablet dose as your condition improves. Carefully follow all instructions about adjusting your dose. In some cases, there may be a very small difference in amount between safe and dangerous doses of this medicine. Your doctor will determine how long to treat you with this medicine. Vitamin D2 Tablet may be only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes dietary changes and taking calcium and vitamin supplements. Follow your doctor's instructions very closely. Learn about the foods you should eat to make sure you get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet. Your Vitamin D2 Tablet dose may need to be adjusted as you make changes to your diet. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of vitamin D can cause serious or life-threatening side effects. Overdose symptoms may include nausea, loss of appetite, thirst, urinating more or less than usual, body aches, stiffness, confusion, or irregular heartbeats. What should I avoid while taking Vitamin D2 Tablet? Ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking any multivitamins, mineral supplements, or antacids while you are taking Vitamin D2 Tablet. Vitamin D2 Tablet side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop taking Vitamin D2 and call your doctor at once if you have: chest pain, feeling short of breath; growth problems (in a child taking Vitamin D2 Tablet); or early signs of vitamin D overdose--weakness, metallic taste in your mouth, weight loss, muscle or bone pain, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Less serious side effects may be more likely, and you may have none at all. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect Vitamin D2 Tablet? Certain medications can make it harder for your body to absorb vitamin D. If you take other medications, take them at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after you take Vitamin D2 Tablet. Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially: a diuretic or "water pill"; or mineral oil (sometimes taken as a laxative). This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect Vitamin D2 Tablet, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.  

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that helps regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body. It also plays a role in maintaining proper bone structure. There are different forms of vitamin D, including ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). Vitamin D is found in fish, eggs, and fortified milk. It's also made in the skin when exposed to sunlight. During periods of sunlight, vitamin D is stored in fat and then released when sunlight is not available. Vitamin D supplements are commonly used to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency. People who don't get enough sun and people who are 65 years or older are at risk for deficiency. People also use vitamin D for weak and brittle bones, heart disease, asthma, hay fever, and many other conditions, but there's no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses. There is also no strong evidence to support using vitamin D supplements for COVID-19. But it is important to maintain healthy levels of vitamin D. This can be done by taking 400-1000 IU of vitamin D daily or spending 15-30 minutes in the sun each day. USES Effective for A rare, inherited bone disorder marked by low levels of phosphate in the blood (familial hypophosphatemia). Taking specific forms of vitamin D, called calcitriol or dihydrotachysterol, by mouth along with phosphate supplements is effective for treating bone disorders in people with low levels of phosphate in the blood. Underactive parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism). Taking specific forms of vitamin D, called dihydrotachysterol, calcitriol, or ergocalciferol, by mouth is effective for increasing calcium blood levels in people with low parathyroid hormone levels. Softening of the bones (osteomalacia). Taking vitamin D3 by mouth is effective for treating this condition. A bone disorder that occurs in people with kidney disease (renal osteodystrophy). Taking a specific form of vitamin D, called calcitriol, by mouth helps to manage low calcium levels and prevent bone loss in people with kidney failure. Rickets. Taking vitamin D by mouth is effective for preventing and treating rickets. A specific form of vitamin D, called calcitriol, should be used in people with kidney failure. Vitamin D deficiency. Taking vitamin D by mouth is effective for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency. Likely Effective for Bone loss in people taking drugs called corticosteroids. Taking vitamin D by mouth prevents bone loss in people taking drugs called corticosteroids. Also, taking vitamin D alone or with calcium seems to improve bone density in people with existing bone loss caused by using corticosteroids. Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). Taking vitamin D3 by mouth along with calcium seems to help prevent bone loss and bone breaks in people with osteoporosis. Psoriasis. Applying vitamin D in the form of calcitriol, calcipotriene, maxacalcitol, or paricalcitol to the skin can help treat plaque-type psoriasis. Applying vitamin D along with corticosteroids seems to work better than applying vitamin D or corticosteroids alone. But taking vitamin D by mouth doesn't seem to help. Side Effects When taken by mouth: Vitamin D is likely safe when taken in recommended amounts. Most people don't experience side effects with vitamin D, unless too much is taken. Some side effects of taking too much vitamin D include weakness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and others. Taking vitamin D for long periods of time in doses higher than 4000 IU (100 mcg) daily is possibly unsafe and may cause very high levels of calcium in the blood.  

Uses Vitamin D (ergocalciferol-D2, cholecalciferol-D3, alfacalcidol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and phosphorus. Having the right amount of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus is important for building and keeping strong bones. Vitamin D is used to treat and prevent bone disorders (such as rickets, osteomalacia). Vitamin D is made by the body when skin is exposed to sunlight. Sunscreen, protective clothing, limited exposure to sunlight, dark skin, and age may prevent getting enough vitamin D from the sun.Vitamin D with calcium is used to treat or prevent bone loss (osteoporosis). Vitamin D is also used with other medications to treat low levels of calcium or phosphate caused by certain disorders (such as hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, familial hypophosphatemia). It may be used in kidney disease to keep calcium levels normal and allow normal bone growth. Vitamin D drops (or other supplements) are given to breast-fed infants because breast milk usually has low levels of vitamin D. How to use VITAMIN D3 Tablet Take vitamin D by mouth as directed. Vitamin D is best absorbed when taken after a meal but may be taken with or without food. Alfacalcidol is usually taken with food. Follow all directions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. If your doctor has prescribed this medication, take as directed by your doctor. Your dosage is based on your medical condition, amount of sun exposure, diet, age, and response to treatment. If you are using the liquid form of this medication, carefully measure the dose using a special measuring device/spoon. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. If you are taking the chewable tablet or wafers, chew the medication thoroughly before swallowing. Do not swallow whole wafers. If you are taking the rapidly-dissolving tablets, dry your hands before handling the medication. Place each dose on the tongue, allow it to dissolve completely, and then swallow it with saliva or water. You do not need to take this medication with water. Certain medications (bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine/colestipol, mineral oil, orlistat) can decrease the absorption of vitamin D. Take your doses of these medications as far as possible from your doses of vitamin D (at least 2 hours apart, longer if possible). It may be easiest to take vitamin D at bedtime if you are also taking these other medications. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how long you should wait between doses and for help finding a dosing schedule that will work with all your medications. Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day if you are taking it once a day. If you are taking this medication only once a week, remember to take it on the same day each week. It may help to mark your calendar with a reminder. If your doctor has recommended that you follow a special diet (such as a diet high in calcium), it is very important to follow the diet to get the most benefit from this medication and to prevent serious side effects. Do not take other supplements/vitamins unless ordered by your doctor. Side Effects Vitamin D at normal doses usually has no side effects. If you have any unusual effects, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly. If your doctor has directed you to use this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. Too much vitamin D can cause harmful high calcium levels. Tell your doctor right away if any of these signs of high vitamin D/calcium levels occur: nausea/vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, increased thirst, increased urination, mental/mood changes, unusual tiredness. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.  

What is zafirlukast? Zafirlukast is a leukotriene (loo-koe-TRY-een) inhibitor that is used to prevent asthma attacks in adults and children as young as 5 years old. Zafirlukast may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings Tell your doctor right away if you have signs of blood vessel inflammation: flu-like symptoms, severe sinus pain, a skin rash, numbness or a "pins and needles" feeling in your arms or legs. Stop taking zafirlukast and call your doctor right away if you have any unusual changes in mood or behavior (such as agitation, confusion, depression, sleep problems, compulsive behaviors, hallucinations, or suicidal thoughts or actions). Before taking this medicine You should not use zafirlukast if you are allergic to it, or if you have liver disease (including cirrhosis). Tell your doctor if you have ever had liver disease. Not approved for use by anyone younger than 5 years old. The chewable tablet may contain phenylalanine and could be harmful if you have phenylketonuria (PKU). It is not known if zafirlukast will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. You should not breastfeed while using zafirlukast. How should I take zafirlukast? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Zafirlukast is not a fast-acting rescue medicine for asthma attacks. Seek medical attention if your breathing problems get worse quickly, or if you think your medications are not working. Take on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Your dose needs may change due to surgery, illness, stress, or a recent asthma attack. Do not change your dose or stop using asthma medication without your doctor's advice. Keep using zafirlukast as directed, even if you have no asthma symptoms. If you take oral steroid medicine, do not stop it suddenly. Ask your doctor about tapering your dose. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while taking zafirlukast? Avoid situations or activities that may trigger an asthma attack. Zafirlukast side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives, blisters, severe itching; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Tell your doctor right away if you have signs of blood vessel inflammation: flu-like symptoms, severe sinus pain, a skin rash, numbness or a "pins and needles" feeling in your arms or legs. Some people using zafirlukast have had new or worsening mental problems. Stop taking zafirlukast and call your doctor right away if you have unusual changes in mood or behavior, such as: agitation, aggression, feeling restless or irritable; anxiety, depression, confusion, problems with memory or attention; stuttering, tremors, uncontrolled muscle movements; suicidal thoughts or actions; hallucinations, sleep problems, vivid dreams, sleep-walking; or compulsive or repetitive behaviors. Also call your doctor at once if you have: worsening or no improvement in your asthma symptoms; or liver problems--nausea, loss of appetite, stomach pain (upper right side), tiredness, itching, dark urine, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Common side effects may include: nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain; headache; or cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Zafirlukast dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Asthma -- Maintenance: -20 mg orally twice a day, 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals Comments: -A dose of 20 mg twice daily was not associated with an increase in the overall incidence of adverse events or withdrawals in elderly patients. Use: Prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma Usual Pediatric Dose for Asthma -- Maintenance: Less than 5 years: The safety and effectiveness has not been established. 5 to 11 years: -10 mg orally twice a day, 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals 12 years or older: -20 mg orally twice a day, 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals Use: Prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma   What other drugs will affect zafirlukast? Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially: erythromycin; fluconazole; theophylline; or warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven. This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect zafirlukast, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.

What is zaleplon? Zaleplon is a sedative that is used to treat insomnia. zaleplon causes relaxation to help you fall asleep and stay asleep. Zaleplon may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings Some people using this medicine have engaged in activity while not fully awake and later had no memory of it. If this happens to you, stop taking zaleplon and call your doctor right away. Serious injury or death could occur if you walk or drive while you are not fully awake. Before taking this medicine You should not use zaleplon if you are allergic to it, or if you have ever taken sleep medicine and engaged in activity you later don't remember. Zaleplon is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: liver or kidney disease; a breathing disorder; depression, mental illness, or suicidal thoughts; or drug or alcohol addiction. You should not take zaleplon if you are pregnant. You should not breastfeed while using zaleplon. The sedative effects of zaleplon may be stronger in older adults. Accidental falls are common in elderly patients who take sedatives. Use caution to avoid falling or accidental injury while you are taking zaleplon. How should I take zaleplon? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Zaleplon may be habit-forming. Misuse can cause addiction, overdose, or death. Keep the medication in a place where others cannot get to it. Selling or giving away zaleplon is against the law. Zaleplon will make you fall asleep. Never take this medication during your normal waking hours, unless you have several hours to dedicate to sleeping. Zaleplon is for short-term use only. Do not take zaleplon for longer than 5 weeks without your doctor's advice. Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 7 to 10 days of treatment, or if they get worse. Do not stop using zaleplon suddenly after taking it over several days in a row, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor how to safely stop using this medicine. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light. Keep track of your medicine. You should be aware if anyone is using it improperly or without a prescription. Insomnia symptoms may also return after you stop taking zaleplon, and may be even worse than before. Tell your doctor if you still have worsened insomnia after the first few nights without taking zaleplon. What happens if I miss a dose? Since zaleplon is taken only at bedtime, you will not be on a frequent dosing schedule. Never take this medication if you do not have several hours to sleep before being active again. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of zaleplon can be fatal, especially when it is taken together with other medications that can cause drowsiness. Overdose symptoms may include severe drowsiness, confusion, loss of coordination, severe muscle weakness, weak or shallow breathing, fainting. What should I avoid while taking zaleplon? Avoid taking zaleplon during travel, such as to sleep on an airplane. You may be awakened before the effects of the medication have worn off. Amnesia (forgetfulness) is more common if you do not get the equivalent of a full night's sleep after taking zaleplon. Do not drink alcohol. Dangerous side effects or death could occur. Avoid taking zaleplon with food or right after eating a high-fat or heavy meal. This will make it harder for your body to absorb the medicine. Zaleplon can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. You may still feel sleepy the morning after taking the medication. Until you know how zaleplon will affect you during waking hours, be careful if you drive, operate machinery, pilot an airplane, or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Zaleplon side effects Zaleplon may cause a severe allergic reaction. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; nausea and vomiting; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Some people using this medicine have engaged in activity while not fully awake and later had no memory of it. This may include walking, driving, or making phone calls. If this happens to you, stop taking zaleplon and call your doctor right away. Serious injury or death could occur if you walk or drive while you are not fully awake. Call your doctor at once if you have: anxiety, depression, aggression, agitation; memory problems, unusual thoughts or behavior; thoughts of hurting yourself; or confusion, hallucinations (hearing or seeing things). Common side effects may include: day-time drowsiness, dizziness, "hangover" feeling; feeling light-headed; problems with coordination; or numbness, tingling, or prickly feeling on your skin. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Zaleplon dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Insomnia: 10 mg orally once a day, immediately before bedtime OR after the patient has gone to bed and is having trouble falling asleep -Maximum dose: 20 mg/day Comments: -Doses should be individualized. -Efficacy was established in trials ranging from a single night to 5 weeks. Use: Short-term treatment of insomnia Usual Geriatric Dose for Insomnia: 5 mg orally once a day, immediately before bedtime OR after the patient has gone to bed and is having trouble falling asleep -Maximum dose: 10 mg/day Comments: -Doses should be individualized. -Efficacy was established in trials ranging from a single night to 5 weeks. Use: Short-term treatment of insomnia   What other drugs will affect zaleplon? Using zaleplon with other drugs that make you drowsy or slow your breathing can cause dangerous side effects or death. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, other sleep medicine, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Other drugs may affect zaleplon, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.

What is zidovudine? Zidovudine is an antiviral medicine used to treat HIV, the virus that can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Zidovudine is also given during pregnancy to prevent an HIV-infected woman from passing the virus to her baby. Zidovudine is not a cure for HIV or AIDS. Zidovudine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings You may develop lactic acidosis, a dangerous build-up of lactic acid in your blood. Get emergency medical help if you have unusual muscle pain, trouble breathing, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, vomiting, or if you feel cold, tired, or very weak. Zidovudine can lower blood cells that help your body fight infections and help circulate oxygen. Zidovudine can also cause severe or life-threatening effects on your liver. Call your doctor if you have symptoms such as: fever, flu symptoms, unusual tiredness, mouth sores, pale skin, cold hands and feet, upper stomach pain, dark urine, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Before taking this medicine You should not use zidovudine if you are allergic to it. You may develop lactic acidosis, a dangerous build-up of lactic acid in your blood. This may be more likely if you have other medical conditions, if you've taken HIV medication for a long time, or if you are a woman. Ask your doctor about your risk. Zidovudine can also cause severe or life-threatening effects on your liver. Tell your doctor if you have liver disease, especially hepatitis C. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: kidney disease; muscle problems; a latex allergy (if you receive zidovudine injection); bone marrow suppression; anemia (low red blood cells); or if you drink large amounts of alcohol. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, and use your medications properly to control your infection. HIV can be passed to your baby if the virus is not controlled during pregnancy. Your name may be listed on a registry to track any effects of antiviral medicine on the baby. Women with HIV or AIDS should not breast feed a baby. Even if your baby is born without HIV, the virus may be passed to the baby in your breast milk. How should I use zidovudine? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Zidovudine oral is taken by mouth, usually in combination with other antiviral medications. Zidovudine injection is given as an infusion into a vein. A healthcare provider will give you this injection if you are unable to take the medicine by mouth. Zidovudine oral can be taken with or without food. Measure liquid medicine carefully, especially when giving zidovudine to a baby. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). Zidovudine doses are based on weight in children. Your child's dose needs may change if the child gains or loses weight. Zidovudine can lower blood cells that help your body fight infections and help circulate oxygen in your body. You may get an infection or feel more tired than usual. Your blood will need to be tested often. Use all HIV medications as directed and read all medication guides you receive. Do not change your dose or dosing schedule without your doctor's advice. Every person with HIV should remain under the care of a doctor. Store zidovudine oral at room temperature away from moisture and heat.   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. Because you will receive zidovudine injection in a clinical setting, you are not likely to miss a dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while using zidovudine? Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage or lactic acidosis. Using zidovudine will not prevent your disease from spreading. Do not have unprotected sex or share razors or toothbrushes. Talk with your doctor about safe ways to prevent HIV transmission during sex. Sharing drug or medicine needles is never safe, even for a healthy person. Zidovudine side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning in your eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling). Mild symptoms of lactic acidosis may worsen over time, and this condition can be fatal. Get emergency medical help if you have: unusual muscle pain, trouble breathing, stomach pain, vomiting, irregular heart rate, dizziness, feeling cold, or feeling very weak or tired. Call your doctor at once if you have: low blood cell counts--fever, chills, tiredness, mouth sores, skin sores, easy bruising, unusual bleeding, pale skin, cold hands and feet, feeling light-headed or short of breath; or liver problems--swelling around your midsection, right-sided upper stomach pain, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Zidovudine affects your immune system, which may cause certain side effects (even weeks or months after you've used this medicine). Tell your doctor if you have: signs of a new infection--fever, night sweats, swollen glands, cold sores, cough, wheezing, diarrhea, weight loss; trouble speaking or swallowing, problems with balance or eye movement, weakness or prickly feeling; or swelling in your neck or throat (enlarged thyroid), menstrual changes, impotence. Common side effects may include: headache; fever, general ill feeling; cough; nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite; or loss of body fat (especially in your arms, legs, face, and buttocks). This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect zidovudine? Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially: doxorubicin; ribavirin; stavudine; or other medicines that contains zidovudine (including combination drugs such as Combivir or Trizivir). This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect zidovudine, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.

What is ziprasidone? Ziprasidone is an antipsychotic medicine. Ziprasidone oral is used to treat schizophrenia and the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder (manic depression). Ziprasidone injection is used to quickly treat agitation in people with schizophrenia. Ziprasidone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings You should not use ziprasidone if you have a heart rhythm disorder, long QT syndrome, uncontrolled heart failure, or if you have recently had a heart attack. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any you start or stop using. Many drugs can interact, and some drugs should not be used together. Stop taking ziprasidone and call your doctor right away if you have sudden dizziness, fast or pounding heartbeats, fluttering in your chest, shortness of breath, or a new or worsening skin rash with fever, or swollen glands. Ziprasidone is not approved for use in older adults with dementia-related psychosis. Before taking this medicine You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to ziprasidone, or if you have: a heart rhythm disorder; long QT syndrome (in you or a family member); uncontrolled or untreated heart failure; or if you have recently had a heart attack. Ziprasidone can cause a serious heart problem. Your risk may be higher if you also use certain other medicines. Your doctor may change your treatment plan if you also use: an antidepressant; bronchodilator asthma medication; cancer medicine; certain medicines for infections; heart or blood pressure medication; medicine to treat or prevent malaria; medicine to prevent nausea or vomiting; medicine to treat a psychiatric disorder; or medicine to treat HIV or AIDS. Ziprasidone may increase the risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis and is not approved for this use. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: any heart problems; a heart attack or stroke; fainting spells; breast cancer; low blood levels of potassium or magnesium; diabetes (ziprasidone may raise your blood sugar); seizures or epilepsy; suicidal thoughts; Alzheimer's disease; trouble swallowing; liver disease; or kidney disease. Taking antipsychotic medicine in the last 3 months of pregnancy may cause breathing problems, feeding problems, or withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. If you get pregnant, tell your doctor right away. Do not stop taking ziprasidone without your doctor's advice. You should not breastfeed while using this medicine. Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of this medicine. Ziprasidone is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. How should I take ziprasidone? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Ziprasidone oral is taken by mouth. Ziprasidone injection is injected into a muscle. A healthcare provider will give you this injection if you are unable to take the medicine by mouth. Take ziprasidone with food. Swallow the capsule whole. You may need frequent medical tests. If you are diabetic, check your blood sugar levels on a regular basis while you are taking ziprasidone. It may take several weeks before your symptoms improve. Do not stop using ziprasidone suddenly, even if you feel fine. Keep using the medication as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve. Store at room temperature away from moisture, light, and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. Get your prescription refilled before you run out of medicine completely. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. What should I avoid while taking ziprasidone? While you are taking ziprasidone, you may be more sensitive to extreme temperatures, such as very hot or cold conditions. Avoid getting too cold, or becoming overheated or dehydrated. Drink plenty of fluids, especially in hot weather and during exercise. It is easier to become dangerously overheated and dehydrated while you are taking ziprasidone. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how ziprasidone will affect you. Dizziness or drowsiness can cause falls, accidents, or severe injuries. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Avoid drinking alcohol. Dangerous side effects could occur. Ziprasidone side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning in your eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling). Seek medical treatment if you have a serious drug reaction that can affect many parts of your body. Symptoms may include: skin rash, fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, severe weakness, unusual bruising, or yellowing of your skin or eyes. Stop using ziprasidone and call your doctor at once if you have: fast or pounding heartbeats, fluttering in your chest, shortness of breath, and sudden dizziness (like you might pass out); uncontrolled muscle movements in your face (chewing, lip smacking, frowning, tongue movement, blinking or eye movement); any skin rash, no matter how mild; low white blood cell counts--fever, mouth sores, skin sores, sore throat, cough, trouble breathing; high blood sugar--increased thirst, increased urination, dry mouth, fruity breath odor; or severe nervous system reaction--very stiff (rigid) muscles, high fever, sweating, confusion, agitation. Common side effects may include: dizziness, drowsiness, weakness; headache; nausea, vomiting; trouble swallowing; weight gain; feeling restless or being unable to sit still; tremors, involuntary muscle movements; vision problems; or runny nose, new or worsening cough. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Ziprasidone dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Schizophrenia: Oral: Initial dose: 20 mg orally twice a day Maintenance dose: Adjust as clinically indicated at intervals of not less than 2 days Maximum dose: 100 mg twice a day Comments: A dose greater than 80 mg twice a day is generally not recommended. Intramuscular: Recommended dose: 10 to 20 mg IM; may repeat 10 mg IM every 2 hours or 20 mg IM every 4 hours up to maximum daily dose Maximum dose: 40 mg IM per day Duration of therapy: Use beyond 3 consecutive days has not been studied Comments: -Coadministration of IM ziprasidone to patient's already taking oral ziprasidone has not been studied and is not recommended. -If long-term therapy is indicated, oral capsules should replace IM administration as soon as possible. Uses: -Treatment of schizophrenia (oral) -Acute treatment of agitation in schizophrenia (IM) Usual Adult Dose for Bipolar Disorder: Acute Treatment of Manic or Mixed Episodes: -Initial dose: 40 mg orally twice daily -Increase dose to 60 mg or 80 mg twice daily on the second day; subsequently adjust dose based on tolerance and efficacy within the dose range of 40 to 80 mg orally twice a day Maintenance Treatment (as adjunct to lithium or valproate): -Once stabilized, continue on same dose within the range of 40 to 80 mg orally twice daily. Comments: -The mean ziprasidone dose administered in flexible-dose clinical trials was approximately 120 mg per day. -Monotherapy has not been systematically evaluated for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Uses: -As monotherapy for the acute management of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder -As adjunct to lithium or valproate for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder.   What other drugs will affect ziprasidone? Ziprasidone can cause a serious heart problem. Your risk may be higher if you also use certain other medicines for infections, asthma, heart problems, high blood pressure, depression, mental illness, cancer, malaria, or HIV. Using ziprasidone with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Many drugs can affect ziprasidone, and some drugs should not be used at the same time. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here.

What is zolpidem? Zolpidem is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with sleep problems (insomnia). Zolpidem is used to treat insomnia. The immediate-release forms are Ambien, Intermezzo, Edluar, and Zolpimist, which are used to help you fall asleep. The extended-release form of zolpidem is Ambien CR which has a first layer that dissolves quickly to help you fall asleep, and a second layer that dissolves slowly to help you stay asleep. Ambien, Edluar, and Zolpimist are used to help you fall asleep when you first go to bed. Intermezzo, is used to help you fall back to sleep if you wake up in the middle of the night and then have trouble sleeping. Your doctor will determine which form of zolpidem is best for you. Warnings Zolpidem may cause a severe allergic reaction. Stop taking zolpidem and get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Do not share this medication with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. The recommended doses of zolpidem are not the same in men and women, and this drug is not approved for use in children. Misuse of this medication can result in dangerous side effects. Zolpidem may impair your thinking or reactions. You may still feel sleepy the morning after taking this medicine, especially if you take the extended-release tablet, or if you are a woman. Wait at least 4 hours or until you are fully awake before you do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Never take this medicine in larger amounts or for longer than prescribed. Do not take zolpidem if you have consumed alcohol during the day or just before bed. Before taking this medicine Some people using zolpidem have engaged in activity such as driving, eating, walking, making phone calls, or having sex and later having no memory of the activity. If this happens to you, stop taking zolpidem and talk with your doctor about another treatment for your sleep disorder. You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to zolpidem. The tablets may contain lactose. Use caution if you are sensitive to lactose. Zolpidem is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: depression, mental illness, or suicidal thoughts; drug or alcohol addiction; lung disease or breathing problems; sleep apnea (breathing stops during sleep); or liver or kidney disease. Taking zolpidem in the last 3 months of pregnancy may cause drowsiness or breathing problems in your newborn. It may not be safe to breast-feed while using this medicine. Ask your doctor about any risk. How should I take zolpidem? The recommended doses of zolpidem are not the same in men and women, and this drug is not approved for use in children. Take zolpidem exactly as prescribed by your doctor, Follow the directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides. Never use this medicine in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed. Tell your doctor if you feel an increased urge to take more or increase your dose. Zolpidem may be habit-forming. Misuse can cause addiction, overdose, or death. Selling or giving away this medicine is against the law. Read and carefully follow any Instructions for Use provided with your medicine. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you do not understand these instructions. Never take Ambien, Edluar, or Zolpimist if you do not have a full 7 to 8 hours to sleep before being active again. Do not take Intermezzo for middle-of-the-night insomnia unless you have 4 hours of sleep time left before being active. Zolpidem is for short-term use only. Tell your doctor if your insomnia symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse after using this medication for 7 to 10 nights in a row. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not freeze. Keep the medication in a place where others cannot get to it. Keep the Zolpimist bottle upright when not in use. Do not stop using zolpidem suddenly after long-term use, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor how to safely stop using this medicine. Insomnia symptoms may also return after you stop taking zolpidem, and may be even worse than before. Call your doctor if you still have worsened insomnia after the first few nights without taking zolpidem. What happens if I miss a dose? Since zolpidem is taken only at bedtime if needed, you are not likely to miss a dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of zolpidem can be fatal, especially when it is taken together with other medications that can cause drowsiness. Overdose symptoms may include sleepiness, confusion, shallow breathing, feeling light-headed, fainting, or coma. What to avoid Avoid taking zolpidem during travel, such as to sleep on an airplane. You may be awakened before the effects of the medicine have worn off. Amnesia (forgetfulness) is more common if you do not get a full 7 to 8 hours of sleep after taking this medicine. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how zolpidem will affect you. You may still feel sleepy in the morning, and your reactions could be impaired. Wait until you are fully awake before you drive, operate machinery, pilot an airplane, or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Do not take this medicine if you have consumed alcohol during the day or just before bed. Zolpidem side effects Zolpidem may cause a severe allergic reaction. Stop taking this medicine and get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to zolpidem: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: depression, anxiety, aggression, agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts, hallucinations, memory problems, changes in personality, risk-taking behavior, decreased inhibitions, no fear of danger, or thoughts of suicide or hurting yourself. Stop using this medicine and call your doctor at once if you have: chest pain, fast or irregular heartbeat, feeling short of breath; trouble breathing or swallowing; or feeling like you might pass out. The sedative effect of zolpidem may be stronger in older adults. Dizziness or severe drowsiness can cause falls, accidents, or severe injuries. Common zolpidem side effects may include: daytime drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, feeling "drugged" or light-headed; tired feeling, loss of coordination; stuffy nose, dry mouth, nose or throat irritation; nausea, constipation, diarrhea, upset stomach; or headache, muscle pain. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Insomnia: IMMEDIATE RELEASE (IR) TABLETS, ORAL SPRAY, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (5 and 10 mg formulations): Initial dose: -Women: 5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Men: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maintenance dose: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maximum dose: 10 mg/day CONTROLLED/EXTENDED RELEASE (CR/ER) TABLETS: Initial dose: -Women: 6.25 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Men: 6.25 to 12.5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maintenance dose: 6.25 to 12.5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maximum dose: 12.5 mg/day SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): Women: 1.75 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 1.75 mg/day Men: 3.5 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 3.5 mg/day Comments: -The recommended initial doses for women and men are different due to the lower rate of drug clearance in females. -Clinical trials supporting IR tablet efficacy were 4 to 5 weeks' duration, while CR/ER tablet efficacy were 3 to 24 weeks in duration. -The 1.75 and 3.5 mg sublingual tablet formulations should be taken when the patient wakes in the middle of the night and has trouble falling back to sleep. -LIMITATION OF USE: The 1.75 and 3.5 mg sublingual tablet formulations are not indicated for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have less than 4 hours of bedtime remaining before the planned awakening time. Uses: -IR Tablets, Oral Spray, and Sublingual Tablets (5 and 10 mg Formulations): Short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation -CR/ER Tablets: Treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset) -Sublingual Tablets (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): As needed for the treatment of insomnia when a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep Usual Geriatric Dose for Insomnia: IR TABLETS, ORAL SPRAY, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (5 and 10 mg formulations): 5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Maximum dose: 5 mg/day CR/ER TABLETS: Patients 65 years and over: 6.25 mg orally once a day at night immediately prior to bedtime -Maximum dose: 6.25 mg/day SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): Patients over 65 years: 1.75 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 1.75 mg/day Comments: -Doses are the same in men and women. -Clinical trials supporting IR tablet efficacy were 4 to 5 weeks' duration, while CR/ER tablet efficacy were 3 to 24 weeks in duration. -The 1.75 sublingual tablet formulations should be taken when the patient wakes in the middle of the night and has trouble falling back to sleep. -LIMITATION OF USE: The 1.75 sublingual tablet formulations are not indicated for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have less than 4 hours of bedtime remaining before the planned awakening time. Uses: -IR Tablets, Oral Spray, and Sublingual Tablets (5 and 10 mg Formulations): Short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation -CR/ER Tablets: Treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset) -Sublingual Tablets (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): As needed for the treatment of insomnia when a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep   What other drugs will affect zolpidem? Using zolpidem with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Many drugs can interact with zolpidem, making it less effective or increasing side effects. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.

What is zolpidem? Zolpidem is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with sleep problems (insomnia). Zolpidem is used to treat insomnia. The immediate-release forms are Ambien, Intermezzo, Edluar, and Zolpimist, which are used to help you fall asleep. The extended-release form of zolpidem is Ambien CR which has a first layer that dissolves quickly to help you fall asleep, and a second layer that dissolves slowly to help you stay asleep. Ambien, Edluar, and Zolpimist are used to help you fall asleep when you first go to bed. Intermezzo, is used to help you fall back to sleep if you wake up in the middle of the night and then have trouble sleeping. Your doctor will determine which form of zolpidem is best for you. Warnings Zolpidem may cause a severe allergic reaction. Stop taking zolpidem and get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Do not share this medication with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. The recommended doses of zolpidem are not the same in men and women, and this drug is not approved for use in children. Misuse of this medication can result in dangerous side effects. Zolpidem may impair your thinking or reactions. You may still feel sleepy the morning after taking this medicine, especially if you take the extended-release tablet, or if you are a woman. Wait at least 4 hours or until you are fully awake before you do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Never take this medicine in larger amounts or for longer than prescribed. Do not take zolpidem if you have consumed alcohol during the day or just before bed. Before taking this medicine Some people using zolpidem have engaged in activity such as driving, eating, walking, making phone calls, or having sex and later having no memory of the activity. If this happens to you, stop taking zolpidem and talk with your doctor about another treatment for your sleep disorder. You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to zolpidem. The tablets may contain lactose. Use caution if you are sensitive to lactose. Zolpidem is not approved for use by anyone younger than 18 years old. To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: depression, mental illness, or suicidal thoughts; drug or alcohol addiction; lung disease or breathing problems; sleep apnea (breathing stops during sleep); or liver or kidney disease. Taking zolpidem in the last 3 months of pregnancy may cause drowsiness or breathing problems in your newborn. It may not be safe to breast-feed while using this medicine. Ask your doctor about any risk. How should I take zolpidem? The recommended doses of zolpidem are not the same in men and women, and this drug is not approved for use in children. Take zolpidem exactly as prescribed by your doctor, Follow the directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides. Never use this medicine in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed. Tell your doctor if you feel an increased urge to take more or increase your dose. Zolpidem may be habit-forming. Misuse can cause addiction, overdose, or death. Selling or giving away this medicine is against the law. Read and carefully follow any Instructions for Use provided with your medicine. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you do not understand these instructions. Never take Ambien, Edluar, or Zolpimist if you do not have a full 7 to 8 hours to sleep before being active again. Do not take Intermezzo for middle-of-the-night insomnia unless you have 4 hours of sleep time left before being active. Zolpidem is for short-term use only. Tell your doctor if your insomnia symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse after using this medication for 7 to 10 nights in a row. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not freeze. Keep the medication in a place where others cannot get to it. Keep the Zolpimist bottle upright when not in use. Do not stop using zolpidem suddenly after long-term use, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor how to safely stop using this medicine. Insomnia symptoms may also return after you stop taking zolpidem, and may be even worse than before. Call your doctor if you still have worsened insomnia after the first few nights without taking zolpidem. What happens if I miss a dose? Since zolpidem is taken only at bedtime if needed, you are not likely to miss a dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of zolpidem can be fatal, especially when it is taken together with other medications that can cause drowsiness. Overdose symptoms may include sleepiness, confusion, shallow breathing, feeling light-headed, fainting, or coma. What to avoid Avoid taking zolpidem during travel, such as to sleep on an airplane. You may be awakened before the effects of the medicine have worn off. Amnesia (forgetfulness) is more common if you do not get a full 7 to 8 hours of sleep after taking this medicine. Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how zolpidem will affect you. You may still feel sleepy in the morning, and your reactions could be impaired. Wait until you are fully awake before you drive, operate machinery, pilot an airplane, or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Do not take this medicine if you have consumed alcohol during the day or just before bed. Zolpidem side effects Zolpidem may cause a severe allergic reaction. Stop taking this medicine and get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to zolpidem: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: depression, anxiety, aggression, agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts, hallucinations, memory problems, changes in personality, risk-taking behavior, decreased inhibitions, no fear of danger, or thoughts of suicide or hurting yourself. Stop using this medicine and call your doctor at once if you have: chest pain, fast or irregular heartbeat, feeling short of breath; trouble breathing or swallowing; or feeling like you might pass out. The sedative effect of zolpidem may be stronger in older adults. Dizziness or severe drowsiness can cause falls, accidents, or severe injuries. Common zolpidem side effects may include: daytime drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, feeling "drugged" or light-headed; tired feeling, loss of coordination; stuffy nose, dry mouth, nose or throat irritation; nausea, constipation, diarrhea, upset stomach; or headache, muscle pain. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   Dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Insomnia: IMMEDIATE RELEASE (IR) TABLETS, ORAL SPRAY, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (5 and 10 mg formulations): Initial dose: -Women: 5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Men: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maintenance dose: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maximum dose: 10 mg/day CONTROLLED/EXTENDED RELEASE (CR/ER) TABLETS: Initial dose: -Women: 6.25 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Men: 6.25 to 12.5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maintenance dose: 6.25 to 12.5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime Maximum dose: 12.5 mg/day SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): Women: 1.75 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 1.75 mg/day Men: 3.5 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 3.5 mg/day Comments: -The recommended initial doses for women and men are different due to the lower rate of drug clearance in females. -Clinical trials supporting IR tablet efficacy were 4 to 5 weeks' duration, while CR/ER tablet efficacy were 3 to 24 weeks in duration. -The 1.75 and 3.5 mg sublingual tablet formulations should be taken when the patient wakes in the middle of the night and has trouble falling back to sleep. -LIMITATION OF USE: The 1.75 and 3.5 mg sublingual tablet formulations are not indicated for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have less than 4 hours of bedtime remaining before the planned awakening time. Uses: -IR Tablets, Oral Spray, and Sublingual Tablets (5 and 10 mg Formulations): Short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation -CR/ER Tablets: Treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset) -Sublingual Tablets (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): As needed for the treatment of insomnia when a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep Usual Geriatric Dose for Insomnia: IR TABLETS, ORAL SPRAY, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (5 and 10 mg formulations): 5 mg orally once a day immediately prior to bedtime -Maximum dose: 5 mg/day CR/ER TABLETS: Patients 65 years and over: 6.25 mg orally once a day at night immediately prior to bedtime -Maximum dose: 6.25 mg/day SUBLINGUAL TABLETS (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): Patients over 65 years: 1.75 mg orally once a day at night as needed -Maximum dose: 1.75 mg/day Comments: -Doses are the same in men and women. -Clinical trials supporting IR tablet efficacy were 4 to 5 weeks' duration, while CR/ER tablet efficacy were 3 to 24 weeks in duration. -The 1.75 sublingual tablet formulations should be taken when the patient wakes in the middle of the night and has trouble falling back to sleep. -LIMITATION OF USE: The 1.75 sublingual tablet formulations are not indicated for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have less than 4 hours of bedtime remaining before the planned awakening time. Uses: -IR Tablets, Oral Spray, and Sublingual Tablets (5 and 10 mg Formulations): Short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation -CR/ER Tablets: Treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset) -Sublingual Tablets (1.75 and 3.5 mg Formulations): As needed for the treatment of insomnia when a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep   What other drugs will affect zolpidem? Using zolpidem with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures. Many drugs can interact with zolpidem, making it less effective or increasing side effects. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.

What is Zonegran? Zonegran (zonisamide) is a sulfa drug with anti-convulsant effects. Zonegran is a prescription medicine used together with other medicines to treat partial partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. It is not known if Zonegran is safe or effective in children under 16 years of age. Warnings You should not use Zonegran if you are allergic to zonisamide, or to other sulfa drugs such as sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol), sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin), or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Sulfatrim, SMX-TMP, and others). A sulfa drug allergic reaction can be fatal. Taking Zonegran can cause permanent vision loss. Tell your doctor right away if you have any eye pain or redness or any changes in your vision. Some people have thoughts about suicide while taking zonisamide. Stay alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Zonegran may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert. Do not stop using this medicine without first talking to your doctor, even if you feel fine. You may have increased seizures if you stop using Zonegran suddenly. You may need to use less and less before you stop the medication completely. If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using Zonegran. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time. Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use. Before taking this medicine You may not be able to take Zonegran if you have ever had a severe allergic to a sulfa drug. To make sure Zonegran is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: liver disease; kidney disease; high levels of ammonia; stomach flu or illness causing diarrhea; a growth disorder; a bone disorder that causes soft or weak bones or low bone mineral density; depression, or suicidal thoughts or actions; if you have ever had metabolic acidosis (too much acid in your blood); or if you have been on a ketogenic diet (high-fat, high-protein, low-carb). Some people have thoughts about suicide while taking Zonegran. Your doctor will need to check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Zonisamide may harm an unborn baby. Use effective birth control to prevent pregnancy, and tell your doctor if you become pregnant. If you are pregnant, your name may be listed on a pregnancy registry to track the effects of zonisamide on the baby. You should not breastfeed while using Zonegran. Zonegran is not approved for use by anyone younger than 16 years old. How should I take Zonegran? Take Zonegran exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Zonegran can be taken with or without food. Swallow the capsule whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. While using Zonegran, you may need frequent blood tests. Do not stop using Zonegran suddenly, even if you feel fine. Stopping suddenly may cause increased seizures. Follow your doctor's instructions about tapering your dose. Do not share this medicine with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light. Dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Seizures: 16 years of age and older: -Initial dose: 100 mg orally once a day -Titration: After 2 weeks at 100 mg/day, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day as either a single or divided dose (100 mg orally 2 times a day) for at least 2 weeks; it can then be increased to 300 mg/day, then 400 mg/day either as a single daily dose or divided into 2 daily doses, with the dose stable for at least 2 weeks to achieve steady state at each level -Maintenance dose: 400 mg/day -Maximum dose: 600 mg/day Comments: -This drug may be taken with or without food. -Capsules should be swallowed whole. -Because of the long half-life of this drug, up to 2 weeks may be required to achieve steady state levels upon reaching a stable dose or following dosage adjustment. -The prescriber may wish to prolong the duration of treatment at the lower doses in order to fully assess the effects of this drug at steady state (noting that many of the side effects are more frequent at doses of 300 mg per day and above). Although there is some evidence of greater response at doses above 100 to 200 mg/day, the increase appears small and formal dose response studies have not been conducted. Use: As adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures Usual Pediatric Dose for Seizures: Less than 16 years of age: Not recommended 16 years of age and older: See adult dosing   What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include slow heart rate, feeling light-headed, fainting, and slow or shallow breathing. What to avoid Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how Zonegran will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Drinking alcohol with this medicine can cause side effects. Zonegran side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to Zonegran: any form of skin rash, hives; fever, swollen glands, feeling weak or tired, severe muscle pain, unusual bruising or bleeding; yellowing of your skin or eyes; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: sudden mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have: eye pain or redness or any changes in your vision; decreased sweating, feeling very hot; signs of metabolic acidosis - confusion, vomiting, lack of energy, irregular heartbeats; symptoms of a blood cell disorder - fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, sores in your mouth and throat; symptoms of a kidney stone - severe pain in your stomach or lower back, blood in your urine; increased or worsening seizures; the first sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild; or severe skin reaction - fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Common Zonegran side effects may include: drowsiness, dizziness; problems with memory or concentration; feeling agitated or irritable; loss of coordination, trouble walking; or loss of appetite. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.   What other drugs will affect Zonegran? Taking this medicine with other drugs that make you sleepy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before taking Zonegran with a sleeping pill, narcotic pain medicine, muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or depression. Other drugs may interact with zonisamide, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.

What is zonisamide? Zonisamide is used together with other medicines to treat partial seizures in adults and teenagers at least 16 years old. Zonisamide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Warnings Taking zonisamide can cause permanent vision loss. Tell your doctor right away if you have any eye pain or redness or any changes in your vision. Some people have thoughts about suicide while taking zonisamide. Stay alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor. Before taking this medicine You should not use zonisamide if you are allergic to it. You may not be able to take zonisamide if you have ever had a severe allergic to a sulfa drug. Tell your doctor if you have ever had: liver disease; kidney disease; high levels of ammonia; stomach flu or illness causing diarrhea; a growth disorder; a bone disorder that causes soft or weak bones or low bone mineral density; depression, or suicidal thoughts or actions; if you have ever had metabolic acidosis (too much acid in your blood); or if you have been on a ketogenic diet (high-fat, high-protein, low-carb). Some people have thoughts about suicide while taking zonisamide. Your doctor will need to check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Zonisamide may harm an unborn baby. Use effective birth control to prevent pregnancy, and tell your doctor if you become pregnant. If you are pregnant, your name may be listed on a pregnancy registry to track the effects of zonisamide on the baby. You should not breastfeed while using zonisamide. Zonisamide is not approved for use by anyone younger than 16 years old. How should I take zonisamide? Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Zonisamide can be taken with or without food. Swallow the capsule whole and do not crush, chew, break, or open it. While using zonisamide, you may need frequent blood tests. Do not stop using zonisamide suddenly, even if you feel fine. Stopping suddenly may cause increased seizures. Follow your doctor's instructions about tapering your dose. Do not share zonisamide with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light. What happens if I miss a dose? Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include slow heart rate, feeling light-headed, fainting, and slow or shallow breathing. What should I avoid while taking zonisamide? Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how zonisamide will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired. Drinking alcohol with this medicine can cause side effects. Zonisamide side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: any form of skin rash, hives; fever, swollen glands, feeling weak or tired, severe muscle pain, unusual bruising or bleeding; yellowing of your skin or eyes; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: sudden mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have: eye pain or redness or any changes in your vision; decreased sweating, feeling very hot; signs of metabolic acidosis--confusion, vomiting, lack of energy, irregular heartbeats; symptoms of a blood cell disorder--fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, sores in your mouth and throat; symptoms of a kidney stone--severe pain in your stomach or lower back, blood in your urine; increased or worsening seizures; the first sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild; or severe skin reaction--fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Common side effects may include: drowsiness, dizziness; problems with memory or concentration; feeling agitated or irritable; loss of coordination, trouble walking; or loss of appetite. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Zonisamide side effects (more detail) Zonisamide dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Seizures: 16 years of age and older: -Initial dose: 100 mg orally once a day -Titration: After 2 weeks at 100 mg/day, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day as either a single or divided dose (100 mg orally 2 times a day) for at least 2 weeks; it can then be increased to 300 mg/day, then 400 mg/day either as a single daily dose or divided into 2 daily doses, with the dose stable for at least 2 weeks to achieve steady state at each level -Maintenance dose: 400 mg/day -Maximum dose: 600 mg/day Comments: -This drug may be taken with or without food. -Capsules should be swallowed whole. -Because of the long half-life of this drug, up to 2 weeks may be required to achieve steady state levels upon reaching a stable dose or following dosage adjustment. -The prescriber may wish to prolong the duration of treatment at the lower doses in order to fully assess the effects of this drug at steady state (noting that many of the side effects are more frequent at doses of 300 mg per day and above). Although there is some evidence of greater response at doses above 100 to 200 mg/day, the increase appears small and formal dose response studies have not been conducted. Use: As adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures Usual Pediatric Dose for Seizures: Less than 16 years of age: Not recommended 16 years of age and older: See adult dosing Detailed Zonisamide dosage information What other drugs will affect zonisamide? Taking zonisamide with other drugs that make you sleepy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before taking zonisamide with a sleeping pill, narcotic pain medicine, muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or depression. Other drugs may interact with zonisamide, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.